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369 Astronaut Training for Moon and Mars Surface Exploration and Science The long duration stays and complex surface operations contemplated for the human return to the Moon and future human missions to Mars are requiring a drastic evolution in the nature and duration of astronaut and project personnel training compared to what was sufficient during the Apollo program. Three key phases of training and duration estimates are recommended: 1) Experience Building: years to decades; 2) Operations Development: months to years; 3) Mission Simulation: weeks to months. Why, how, and when such a 3-step training program needs to be implemented will be the topic discussed. An important implication is that Experience Building in surface exploration operations and field science should already be in progress in preparation for the initial human return to the Moon.